Open Access Peer-reviewed Research Article

Beauty and the Goat: A hypothesis on the relationship between beauty and tragedy

Main Article Content

Kostas Terzidis corresponding author
Filippo Fabrocini
Hyejin Lee

Abstract

This article attempts to explore the concept of beauty using Greek and Chinese etymology. In Greek, the word 'tragedy' means 'song of the male goat'. In Chinese, the word 'beauty' means 'big goat'. Why is the goat so important? Is there a reason for the presence of this animal in the definition of aesthetics of two completely different cultures? The article hypothesizes that there may be an archetypical reason: beauty and tragedy are related not only to aesthetics but also to a hidden code.

Keywords
tragedy, beauty, etymology, goat, code

Article Details

Author Biography

Kostas Terzidis, College of Design and Innovation, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China

Kostas Terzidis is professor in the College of Design & Innovation at Tongji University and director of the ShangXiang Lab.  Previously, was associate professor at Harvard University GSD (2003-2011) and assistant professor at the UCLA (1995-2003).   He holds a PhD from the University of Michigan, Masters from OSU, and diploma from Aristotle University.  His research is in language-based neural networks for automated design.  He is author of numerous academic papers and the sole author of four books: Permutation Design (Routledge: 2014), Algorithms for Visual Design (Wiley: 2009), Algorithmic Architecture (Architectural Press: 2006), and Expressive Form (Spon:2003).  In 2023 he received the Magnolia 白玉兰 Baiyulan award.

How to Cite
Terzidis, K., Fabrocini, F., & Lee, H. (2025). Beauty and the Goat: A hypothesis on the relationship between beauty and tragedy. International Journal of Arts and Humanities, 6(1), 327-333. https://doi.org/10.25082/IJAH.2025.01.006

References

  1. Akiba, F. (2013). The Significance of Natural Computing for Considering Computational Aesthetics of Nature. Natural Computing and Beyond, 119–129. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54394-7_11
  2. Arnheim, R. (1997). Ancient Chinese Aesthetics and its Modernity. The British Journal of Aesthetics, 37(2), 155–157. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjaesthetics/37.2.155
  3. Arnheim, R. (1969). Visual Thinking. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  4. Baumgarten, A. G. (2014). Aesthetica. Nabu Press.
  5. Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Harvard University Press. https://books.google.co.jp
  6. Briefer, E. F., & McElligott, A. G. (2012). Social effects on vocal ontogeny in an ungulate, the goat, Capra hircus. Animal Behaviour, 83(4), 991–1000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.01.020
  7. Brockett, O., & Hildy, F. (2014). History of the Theatre. 10th ed. Pearson.
  8. Burkert, W. G. (1966). Greek Tragedy and Sacrificial Ritual. Greek Roman and Byzantine Studies, 7, 87–121. https://api.semanticscholar.org
  9. Cahn, S. (2020). Aesthetics: A Comprehensive Anthology. Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell.
  10. Carrier, D. (2012). Chinese Art: How Different could it be from Western Painting? History and Theory, 51(1), 116-122. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2303.2012.00615.x
  11. Chang, F. (2002). Symbolically speaking: a connectionist model of sentence production. Cognitive Science, 26(5), 609–651. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog2605_3
  12. Dale, C. (2004). Chinese Aesthetics and Literature : A Reader. Albany: State University of New York Press.
  13. Dewey, J. (2018). Democracy and Education : An Introduction to the Philosophy of Education. Gorham, ME: Myers Education Press.
  14. Dobrovol'skij, D., & Piirainen, E. (2021). Figurative Language. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110702538
  15. Faria, J., Bagley, S., Ruger, S., & Breckon, T. (2013). Challenges of finding aesthetically pleasing images. 2013 14th International Workshop on Image Analysis for Multimedia Interactive Services, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1109/wiamis.2013.6616162
  16. Freud, S. (1989). The Psychopathology of Everyday Life. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
  17. Gao, J. (2001). The Orginal Meaning of the Chinese Character for `Beauty'. Filozofski Vestnik, 22(2).
  18. Gaut, B. (2003). The Creation of Art: New Essays in Philosophical Aesthetics. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  19. Hume, D. (1987). Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary. Indianapolis: LibertyClassics.
  20. Jiang, C., & Cai, Z.-Q. (2018). Aesthetics [dataset]. In Oxford Bibliographies Online Datasets. Oxford University Press (OUP). https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199920082-0160
  21. Kerenyi, C. (1951). The Gods of the Greeks. London: Thames and Hudson.
  22. Lacan, J. (1992). The Ethics of Psychoanalysis. In The Seminar of Jacques Lacan Book VII. NY: W.W. Norton & Company.
  23. Leitch, V. B. ed. (2018). The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
  24. Lewis, C., & Short, C. (1879). A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  25. Liddell, H., & Scott, R. (1897). Greek-English Lexicon. Eight. American Book Company.
  26. Lindqvist, C. (2016). Gei Hai Zi de Han Zi Wang Guo. Beijing Shi: Zhong Xin Chu Ban Ji Tuan Gu Fen You Xian Gong Si.
  27. Lotman, Yu. M. (1988). The Semiotics of Culture and the Concept of a Text. Soviet Psychology, 26(3), 52–58. https://doi.org/10.2753/rpo1061-0405260352
  28. Nofre, D., Priestley, M., & Alberts, G. (2014). When Technology Became Language: The Origins of the Linguistic Conception of Computer Programming, 1950–1960. Technology and Culture, 55(1), 40–75. https://doi.org/10.1353/tech.2014.0031
  29. Orrell, D. (2012). Truth or Beauty: Science and the Quest for Order. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  30. Planer, R. J., & Sterelny, K. (2021). From Signal to Symbol. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/13906.001.0001
  31. Reber, R., Schwarz, N., & Winkielman, P. (2004). Processing Fluency and Aesthetic Pleasure: Is Beauty in the Perceiver’s Processing Experience? Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8(4), 364–382. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0804_3
  32. Notes and News. (1955). The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 14(2), 282–283. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540_6245.jaac14.2.0282
  33. Skeat, W. (1882). An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  34. Tang, A. (2023). An Analysis of Differences between Greek Tragedy and Classical Chinese Tragedy (Yuanqu). International Journal of Literature Studies, 3(2), 01–05. https://doi.org/10.32996/ijts.2023.3.2.1
  35. Torop, P. (1999). Cultural semiotics and culture. Sign Systems Studies, 27, 9–23. https://doi.org/10.12697/sss.1999.27.01
  36. Tsatsomoiros, E. (2004). History of the Origin of the Greek Language. Athens: Diaylos.
  37. Tsitsipis, L. D. (2007). Ancient Greek ideas on speech, language and civilization. Language in Society, 36(02). https://doi.org/10.1017/s004740450729013x
  38. Wang, H. C., Goh, Y. S., & Yap, S. L. (2020). The Study of The Chinese Character `Mei’ (美) From the Perspectives of Chinese Character Creation. In Virtual Symposium on Teaching and Learning.
  39. Wang, K. (2021). Beauty and Human Existence in Chinese Philosophy. Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1714-0
  40. Caravasiliado, Z. (2001). "The Goat in Ancient Greece". Aristotle University. Giropoulou Eustathiu, Anna. 2004. Greek Word. Athens: Georgiades.