Beauty and the Goat: A hypothesis on the relationship between beauty and tragedy
Main Article Content
Abstract
This article attempts to explore the concept of beauty using Greek and Chinese etymology. In Greek, the word 'tragedy' means 'song of the male goat'. In Chinese, the word 'beauty' means 'big goat'. Why is the goat so important? Is there a reason for the presence of this animal in the definition of aesthetics of two completely different cultures? The article hypothesizes that there may be an archetypical reason: beauty and tragedy are related not only to aesthetics but also to a hidden code.
Keywords
tragedy, beauty, etymology, goat, code
Article Details
How to Cite
Terzidis, K., Fabrocini, F., & Lee, H. (2025). Beauty and the Goat: A hypothesis on the relationship between beauty and tragedy. International Journal of Arts and Humanities, 6(1), 327-333. https://doi.org/10.25082/IJAH.2025.01.006

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
References
- Akiba, F. (2013). The Significance of Natural Computing for Considering Computational Aesthetics of Nature. Natural Computing and Beyond, 119–129. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54394-7_11
- Arnheim, R. (1997). Ancient Chinese Aesthetics and its Modernity. The British Journal of Aesthetics, 37(2), 155–157. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjaesthetics/37.2.155
- Arnheim, R. (1969). Visual Thinking. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Baumgarten, A. G. (2014). Aesthetica. Nabu Press.
- Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Harvard University Press. https://books.google.co.jp
- Briefer, E. F., & McElligott, A. G. (2012). Social effects on vocal ontogeny in an ungulate, the goat, Capra hircus. Animal Behaviour, 83(4), 991–1000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.01.020
- Brockett, O., & Hildy, F. (2014). History of the Theatre. 10th ed. Pearson.
- Burkert, W. G. (1966). Greek Tragedy and Sacrificial Ritual. Greek Roman and Byzantine Studies, 7, 87–121. https://api.semanticscholar.org
- Cahn, S. (2020). Aesthetics: A Comprehensive Anthology. Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell.
- Carrier, D. (2012). Chinese Art: How Different could it be from Western Painting? History and Theory, 51(1), 116-122. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2303.2012.00615.x
- Chang, F. (2002). Symbolically speaking: a connectionist model of sentence production. Cognitive Science, 26(5), 609–651. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog2605_3
- Dale, C. (2004). Chinese Aesthetics and Literature : A Reader. Albany: State University of New York Press.
- Dewey, J. (2018). Democracy and Education : An Introduction to the Philosophy of Education. Gorham, ME: Myers Education Press.
- Dobrovol'skij, D., & Piirainen, E. (2021). Figurative Language. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110702538
- Faria, J., Bagley, S., Ruger, S., & Breckon, T. (2013). Challenges of finding aesthetically pleasing images. 2013 14th International Workshop on Image Analysis for Multimedia Interactive Services, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1109/wiamis.2013.6616162
- Freud, S. (1989). The Psychopathology of Everyday Life. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
- Gao, J. (2001). The Orginal Meaning of the Chinese Character for `Beauty'. Filozofski Vestnik, 22(2).
- Gaut, B. (2003). The Creation of Art: New Essays in Philosophical Aesthetics. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
- Hume, D. (1987). Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary. Indianapolis: LibertyClassics.
- Jiang, C., & Cai, Z.-Q. (2018). Aesthetics [dataset]. In Oxford Bibliographies Online Datasets. Oxford University Press (OUP). https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199920082-0160
- Kerenyi, C. (1951). The Gods of the Greeks. London: Thames and Hudson.
- Lacan, J. (1992). The Ethics of Psychoanalysis. In The Seminar of Jacques Lacan Book VII. NY: W.W. Norton & Company.
- Leitch, V. B. ed. (2018). The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
- Lewis, C., & Short, C. (1879). A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Liddell, H., & Scott, R. (1897). Greek-English Lexicon. Eight. American Book Company.
- Lindqvist, C. (2016). Gei Hai Zi de Han Zi Wang Guo. Beijing Shi: Zhong Xin Chu Ban Ji Tuan Gu Fen You Xian Gong Si.
- Lotman, Yu. M. (1988). The Semiotics of Culture and the Concept of a Text. Soviet Psychology, 26(3), 52–58. https://doi.org/10.2753/rpo1061-0405260352
- Nofre, D., Priestley, M., & Alberts, G. (2014). When Technology Became Language: The Origins of the Linguistic Conception of Computer Programming, 1950–1960. Technology and Culture, 55(1), 40–75. https://doi.org/10.1353/tech.2014.0031
- Orrell, D. (2012). Truth or Beauty: Science and the Quest for Order. New Haven: Yale University Press.
- Planer, R. J., & Sterelny, K. (2021). From Signal to Symbol. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/13906.001.0001
- Reber, R., Schwarz, N., & Winkielman, P. (2004). Processing Fluency and Aesthetic Pleasure: Is Beauty in the Perceiver’s Processing Experience? Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8(4), 364–382. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0804_3
- Notes and News. (1955). The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 14(2), 282–283. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540_6245.jaac14.2.0282
- Skeat, W. (1882). An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Tang, A. (2023). An Analysis of Differences between Greek Tragedy and Classical Chinese Tragedy (Yuanqu). International Journal of Literature Studies, 3(2), 01–05. https://doi.org/10.32996/ijts.2023.3.2.1
- Torop, P. (1999). Cultural semiotics and culture. Sign Systems Studies, 27, 9–23. https://doi.org/10.12697/sss.1999.27.01
- Tsatsomoiros, E. (2004). History of the Origin of the Greek Language. Athens: Diaylos.
- Tsitsipis, L. D. (2007). Ancient Greek ideas on speech, language and civilization. Language in Society, 36(02). https://doi.org/10.1017/s004740450729013x
- Wang, H. C., Goh, Y. S., & Yap, S. L. (2020). The Study of The Chinese Character `Mei’ (美) From the Perspectives of Chinese Character Creation. In Virtual Symposium on Teaching and Learning.
- Wang, K. (2021). Beauty and Human Existence in Chinese Philosophy. Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1714-0
- Caravasiliado, Z. (2001). "The Goat in Ancient Greece". Aristotle University. Giropoulou Eustathiu, Anna. 2004. Greek Word. Athens: Georgiades.